Column Types

Any column can be made nullable by chaining .optional(). For binary data like images and file uploads, use the Files & Blobs pattern rather than s.bytes() directly.

There are a number of column types available which cover most common use cases:

DSL	TypeScript type	SQL type
s.string()	string	TEXT
s.boolean()	boolean	BOOLEAN
s.int()	number	INTEGER
s.float()	number	REAL
s.timestamp()	Date | number	TIMESTAMP
s.bytes()	Uint8Array	BYTEA
s.ref("table")	string (row ID)	UUID (FK)
s.array(s.string())	string[]	TEXT[]
s.enum("a", "b")	"a" | "b"	ENUM('a','b')
s.json()	JsonValue	JSON
s.json(schema)	inferred from schema	JSON

Any column can be made nullable with .optional().

JSON columns are atomic. The entire value is replaced on every write. Use s.json() for untyped JSON, or s.json(schema) with a Zod-compatible schema for typed validation. For structured data that needs per-field updates, use separate columns or a related table instead.

Ref naming convention: s.ref() columns must have a name ending in Id or _id. For s.array(s.ref()), the name must end in Ids or _ids. The runtime will throw if a ref column does not follow this convention.